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# NGC 2273B

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 Molecular Gas in Candidate Double-Barred Galaxies. III. A Lack of Molecular Gas?Most models of double-barred galaxies suggest that a molecular gascomponent is crucial for maintaining long-lived nuclear bars. We haveundertaken a CO survey in an attempt to determine the gas content ofthese systems and to locate double-barred galaxies with strong COemission that could be candidates for high-resolution mapping. Weobserved 10 galaxies in CO J=2-1 and J=3-2 and did not detect anygalaxies that had not already been detected in previous CO surveys. Wepreferentially detect emission from galaxies containing some form ofnuclear activity. Simulations of these galaxies require that theycontain 2%-10% gas by mass in order to maintain long-lived nuclear bars.The fluxes for the galaxies for which we have detections suggest thatthe gas mass fraction is in agreement with these models requirements.The lack of emission in the other galaxies suggests that they contain aslittle as 7×106 Msolar of molecularmaterial, which corresponds to <~0.1% gas by mass. This resultcombined with the wide variety of CO distributions observed indouble-barred galaxies suggests the need for models of double-barredgalaxies that do not require a large, well-ordered molecular gascomponent. The Hα galaxy survey. I. The galaxy sample, Hα narrow-band observations and star formation parameters for 334 galaxiesWe discuss the selection and observations of a large sample of nearbygalaxies, which we are using to quantify the star formation activity inthe local Universe. The sample consists of 334 galaxies across allHubble types from S0/a to Im and with recession velocities of between 0and 3000 km s-1. The basic data for each galaxy are narrowband H\alpha +[NII] and R-band imaging, from which we derive starformation rates, H\alpha +[NII] equivalent widths and surfacebrightnesses, and R-band total magnitudes. A strong correlation is foundbetween total star formation rate and Hubble type, with the strongeststar formation in isolated galaxies occurring in Sc and Sbc types. Moresurprisingly, no significant trend is found between H\alpha +[NII]equivalent width and galaxy R-band luminosity. More detailed analyses ofthe data set presented here will be described in subsequent papers.Based on observations made with the Jacobus Kapteyn Telescope operatedon the island of La Palma by the Isaac Newton Group in the SpanishObservatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto deAstrofísica de Canarias.The full version of Table \ref{tab3} is available in electronic form atthe CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/414/23 Reduced image datafor this survey can be downloaded fromhttp://www.astro.livjm.ac.uk/HaGS/ Nuclear Starburst Activity in the Seyfert 2 Galaxy NGC 2273We present spectrophotometric results of the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 2273.The presence of high-order Balmer absorption lines (H8, H9, H10) andweak equivalent widths of CaII K λ3933, CN λ4200, G-bandλ4300 and MgIb λ5173 clearly indicate recent star-formingactivity in the nuclear region. Using a simple stellar populationsynthesis model, we find that for the best fit, the contributions of apower-law featureless continuum, an intermediate-age (108 yr) and an old (>109 yr) stellar populationto the total light at the reference normalization wavelength are 10.0%,33.4% and 56.6%, respectively. The existence of recent starburstactivity is also consistent with its high far-infrared luminosity (logLFIR/ Lȯ = 9.9), its infrared color indexes [α(25,60) = -1.81 and α(60, 100)= -0.79, typical values for Seyfertgalaxies with circumnuclear starburst], and its q-value (2.23, ratio ofinfrared to radio flux, very similar to that of normal spirals andstarburst galaxies). Byrd et al. have suggested that NGC 2273 might haveinteracted with NGC 2273B in less than 109 yr ago, so thestarburst activity in this galaxy could have been triggered by tidalinteraction, as indicated in recent numerical simulations. Nearby Optical Galaxies: Selection of the Sample and Identification of GroupsIn this paper we describe the Nearby Optical Galaxy (NOG) sample, whichis a complete, distance-limited (cz<=6000 km s-1) andmagnitude-limited (B<=14) sample of ~7000 optical galaxies. Thesample covers 2/3 (8.27 sr) of the sky (|b|>20deg) andappears to have a good completeness in redshift (97%). We select thesample on the basis of homogenized corrected total blue magnitudes inorder to minimize systematic effects in galaxy sampling. We identify thegroups in this sample by means of both the hierarchical and thepercolation friends-of-friends'' methods. The resulting catalogs ofloose groups appear to be similar and are among the largest catalogs ofgroups currently available. Most of the NOG galaxies (~60%) are found tobe members of galaxy pairs (~580 pairs for a total of ~15% of objects)or groups with at least three members (~500 groups for a total of ~45%of objects). About 40% of galaxies are left ungrouped (field galaxies).We illustrate the main features of the NOG galaxy distribution. Comparedto previous optical and IRAS galaxy samples, the NOG provides a densersampling of the galaxy distribution in the nearby universe. Given itslarge sky coverage, the identification of groups, and its high-densitysampling, the NOG is suited to the analysis of the galaxy density fieldof the nearby universe, especially on small scales. Arcsecond Positions of UGC GalaxiesWe present accurate B1950 and J2000 positions for all confirmed galaxiesin the Uppsala General Catalog (UGC). The positions were measuredvisually from Digitized Sky Survey images with rms uncertaintiesσ<=[(1.2")2+(θ/100)2]1/2,where θ is the major-axis diameter. We compared each galaxymeasured with the original UGC description to ensure high reliability.The full position list is available in the electronic version only. Catalogue of HI maps of galaxies. I.A catalogue is presented of galaxies having large-scale observations inthe HI line. This catalogue collects from the literature the informationthat characterizes the observations in the 21-cm line and the way thatthese data were presented by means of maps, graphics and tables, forshowing the distribution and kinematics of the gas. It containsfurthermore a measure of the HI extension that is detected at the levelof the maximum sensitivity reached in the observations. This catalogueis intended as a guide for references on the HI maps published in theliterature from 1953 to 1995 and is the basis for the analysis of thedata presented in Paper II. The catalogue is only available inelectronic form at the CDS via anonymous ftp 130.79.128.5 orhttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Abstract.html Total magnitude, radius, colour indices, colour gradients and photometric type of galaxiesWe present a catalogue of aperture photometry of galaxies, in UBVRI,assembled from three different origins: (i) an update of the catalogueof Buta et al. (1995) (ii) published photometric profiles and (iii)aperture photometry performed on CCD images. We explored different setsof growth curves to fit these data: (i) The Sersic law, (ii) The net ofgrowth curves used for the preparation of the RC3 and (iii) A linearinterpolation between the de Vaucouleurs (r(1/4) ) and exponential laws.Finally we adopted the latter solution. Fitting these growth curves, wederive (1) the total magnitude, (2) the effective radius, (3) the colourindices and (4) gradients and (5) the photometric type of 5169 galaxies.The photometric type is defined to statistically match the revisedmorphologic type and parametrizes the shape of the growth curve. It iscoded from -9, for very concentrated galaxies, to +10, for diffusegalaxies. Based in part on observations collected at the Haute-ProvenceObservatory. Redshift periodicity in the Local Supercluster.Persistent claims have been made over the last ~15yr that extragalacticredshifts, when corrected for the Sun's motion around the Galacticcentre, occur in multiples of ~24 or ~36km/s. A recent investigation byus of 40 spiral galaxies out to 1000km/s, with accurately measuredredshifts, gave evidence of a periodicity ~37.2-37.7km/s. Here we extendour enquiry out to the edge of the Local Supercluster (~2600km/s),applying a simple and robust procedure to a total of 97 accuratelydetermined redshifts. We find that, when corrected for related vectorsclose to recent estimates of the Sun's galactocentric motion, theredshifts of spirals are strongly periodic (P~37.6km/s). The formalconfidence level of the result is extremely high, and the signal is seenindependently with different radio telescopes. We also examine a furthersample of 117 spirals observed with the 300-foot Green Bank telescopealone. The periodicity phenomenon appears strongest for the galaxieslinked by group membership, but phase coherence probably holds overlarge regions of the Local Supercluster. Recalibration of the H-0.5 magnitudes of spiral galaxiesThe H-magnitude aperture data published by the Aaronson et al.collaboration over a 10 year period is collected into a homogeneous dataset of 1731 observations of 665 galaxies. Ninety-six percent of thesegalaxies have isophotal diameters and axial ratios determined by theThird Reference Cataloque of Bright Galaxies (RC3; de Vaucouleurs et al.1991), the most self-consistent set of optical data currently available.The precepts governing the optical data in the RC3 are systematicallydifferent from those of the Second Reference Catalogue (de Vaucouleurs,de Vaucouleurs, & Corwin 1976), which were used by Aaronson et al.for their original analyses of galaxy peculiar motions. This in turnleads to systematic differences in growth curves and fiducialH-magnitudes, prompting the present recalibration of the near-infraredTully-Fisher relationship. New optically normalized H-magnitude growthcurves are defined for galaxies of types SO to Im, from which new valuesof fiducial H-magnitudes, Hg-0.5, are measured forthe 665 galaxies. A series of internal tests show that these fourstandard growth curves are defined to an accuracy of 0.05 mag over theinterval -1.5 less than or equal to log (A/Dg) less than orequal to -0.2. Comparisons with the Aaronson et al. values of diameters,axial ratios, and fiducial H-magnitudes show the expected differences,given the different definitions of these parameters. The values ofHg-0.5 are assigned quality indices: a qualityvalue of 1 indicates an accuracy of less than 0.2 mag, quality 2indicates an accuracy of 0.2-0.35 mag, and quality 3 indicates anaccuracy of more than 0.35 mag. Revised values of corrected H I velocitywidths are also given, based on the new set of axial ratios defiend bythe RC3. Integrated photoelectric magnitudes and color indices of bright galaxies in the Johnson UBV systemThe photoelectric total magnitudes and color indices published in theThird Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies (RC3) are based on ananalysis of approximately equals 26,000 B, 25,000 B-V, and 17,000 U-Bmultiaperture measurements available up to mid 1987 from nearly 350sources. This paper provides the full details of the analysis andestimates of internal and external errors in the parameters. Thederivation of the parameters is based on techniques described by theVaucouleurs & Corwin (1977) whereby photoelectric multiaperture dataare fitted by mean Hubble-type-dependent curves which describe theintegral of the B-band flux and the typical B-V and U-B integrated colorgradients. A sophisticated analysis of the residuals of thesemeasurements from the curves was made to allow for the random andsystematic errors that effect such data. The result is a homogeneous setof total magnitudes BTA total colors(B-V)T and (U-B)T, and effective colors(B-V)e and (U-B)e for more than 3000 brightgalaxies in RC3. A very large array survey of neutral hydrogen in Virgo Cluster spirals. 3: Surface density profiles of the gasIn this paper we analyze the radial profiles of the neutral hydrogensurface density distribution of 17 bright spirals in the Virgo Cluster.The profiles were derived from images, which were obtained with the VeryLarge Array (VLA) and which have been presented in a previous paper(Cayatte et al., (1990)). Although the sample is still small, we can forthe first time show, that different galaxies are affected differently bythe cluster environment. We make a quantitative estimate of theimportance of the different gas removal mechanisms for selectedindividual galaxies and compare these estimates with the observed H Imorphology. In some galaxies ram-pressure stripping has done seriousdamage to the H I disks, while in other galaxies turbulent viscousstripping and thermal conductivity have caused a mild, but global H Ideficiency across the entire disk. For our analysis we divide thegalaxies into three groups according to the ration of H I to opticaldiameter, a fourth group contains the anemic galaxies. As it turns out aclassification according to relative H I diameter helps to elucidatewhich gas removal processes play a role. Galaxies in different groupshave many other properties in common, most importantly the projecteddistance from the cluster center. A comparison of the radial H I surfacedensity profiles with those of field spirals of the same morphologicaltype shows, that spirals in different groups are affected verydifferently by the environment. Galaxies with the smallest H I sizeshave normal central surface densities and we suggest that these are thegalaxies that are currently undergoing ram-pressure sweeping. Thegalaxies with only slightly smaller than usual H I diameters have adepressed H I surface density across the entire face of the galaxy. Thisis quite likely due to viscous stripping. One group is only very mildlyaffected, this could be caused by gravitational effects due to distantencounters. General study of group membership. II - Determination of nearby groupsWe present a whole sky catalog of nearby groups of galaxies taken fromthe Lyon-Meudon Extragalactic Database. From the 78,000 objects in thedatabase, we extracted a sample of 6392 galaxies, complete up to thelimiting apparent magnitude B0 = 14.0. Moreover, in order to considersolely the galaxies of the local universe, all the selected galaxieshave a known recession velocity smaller than 5500 km/s. Two methods wereused in group construction: a Huchra-Geller (1982) derived percolationmethod and a Tully (1980) derived hierarchical method. Each method gaveus one catalog. These were then compared and synthesized to obtain asingle catalog containing the most reliable groups. There are 485 groupsof a least three members in the final catalog. Nearby galaxy flows modeled by the light distribution - Distances, model, and the local velocity anomalyTables giving measured galaxy distances used to construct a map ofobserved peculiar velocities, and giving a grid of the distribution oflight used to construct a map of expected peculiar velocities arepresented. A preferred model was developed which yielded a best fitbetween these maps, and this model was used to generate output kinematicdistances which are recorded for groups and individual galaxies withV0 of less than 3000 km/s. In terms of the ratio ofpeculiar-to-systemic velocities, the local velocity anomaly is the mostimportant perturbation involving substantial numbers of galaxies forthis case. The ratio of these quantities in this case is larger than forthe more famous cases of the Virgocentric or Great Attractorperturbations. Maps which illustrate the fit of the present mass modelto the velocity data in the local region are provided. A graphicaldemonstration of the relative importance of large-scale streaming tolocal motions within the context of this model is presented. Groups of galaxies within 80 Mpc. II - The catalogue of groups and group membersThis paper gives a catalog of the groups and associations obtained bymeans of a revised hierarchical algorithm applied to a sample of 4143galaxies with diameters larger than 100 arcsec and redshifts smallerthan 6000 km/s. The 264 groups of galaxies obtained in this way (andwhich contain at least three sample galaxies) are listed, with the looseassociations surrounding them and the individual members of eachaggregate as well; moreover, the location of every entity among 13regions corresponding roughly to superclusters is specified. Finally,1729 galaxies belong to the groups, and 466 to the associations, i.e.,the total fraction of galaxies within the various aggregates amounts to53 percent. The peculiar velocity of the Local Group. II - H I observations of SC galaxiesH I observations of a sample of 163 Sc galaxies have been obtained usingthe Mk IA and Mk II Jodrell Bank radio telescopes. In the presentanalysis, the overall rms error in redshift determination is 5 km/s andthe rms error in velocity width determination is 10 km/s. The resultssuggest that Sc galaxies have high internal obscuration and may beoptically thicker in blue light than earlier-type spirals. An orthogonalthree-dimensional classification system based on three uncorrelatedparameters related to linear diameter, quiescent star-formation rate,and embedded starburst-type activity is shown to account for the globalproperties of Sc galaxies with an accuracy close to the limit ofmeasurement error. Uncertainties in 21 centimeter redshifts. I - DataHigh-precision data on the 21-cm redshifts, profile widths, and shapesfor 625 galaxies are presented. Each galaxy is listed in across-identification and morphology table. High-resolution spectra arealso given for each galaxy. Internal redshift consistency is roughly 1km/s for galaxies for which the S/N is above 15. No systematic effectshave been found which might influence the observed redshift quantizationat 72.5 km/s or its submultiples. The H I properties of spiral galaxies in the Virgo cluster. IV - Westerbork observations of 12 field galaxiesOne-dimensional H I observations of 12 spiral galaxies in a lowgalaxy-density environment have been obtained with the WesterborkSynthesis Radio Telescope. A position-velocity diagram, the H Idistribution projected upon the resolution axis of the observation, theH I global profile, and the distribution of the H I surface density aregiven for each galaxy. Most of the galaxies are found to possesssymmetrical H I distributions. For the case of UGC 7941, the H I isshown to be more asymmetrically distributed than in the average fieldgalaxy. An extended distribution of H I gas is noted in NGC 2654. Arm classifications for spiral galaxiesThe spiral arm classes of 762 galaxies are tabulated; 636 galaxies withlow inclinations and radii larger than 1 arcmin were classified on thebasis of their blue images on the Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (POSS),76 SA galaxies in the group catalog of Geller and Huchra were alsoclassified from the POSS, and 253 galaxies in high-resolution atlaseswere classified from their atlas photographs. This spiral armclassification system was previously shown to correlate with thepresence of density waves, and galaxies with such waves were shown tooccur primarily in the densest galactic groups. The present sampleindicates, in addition, that grand design galaxies (i.e., those whichtend to contain prominent density wave modes) are physically larger thanflocculent galaxies (which do not contain such prominent modes) by afactor of about 1.5. A larger group sample confirms the previous resultthat grand design galaxies are preferentially in dense groups. Tidal triggering of Seyfert galaxies and quasars - Occurrence in multiple systemsAn extension of earlier work which showed with computer models thatobserved companions for Seyferts are sufficient to induce gravitationalinstability in a disk galaxy is discussed. The instability leads to aninflow of matter into the nuclear region and possibly to Seyfertactivity. If selection effects have been properly taken into account,the fraction of Seyfert galaxies found in multiple systems is at leastthree quarters and possibly higher. Furthermore, the Hubble types of thefew isolated Seyferts are consistent with their being results of recentgalaxy mergers. The extragalactic distance scale derived from 'sosie' galaxies. I - Distances of 167 galaxies which are sosies of 14 nearby galaxiesThe method of 'sosie' galaxies is applied to a large sample of galaxiesextracted from the BGP catalog of H I line data and the Second ReferenceCatalog of Bright Galaxies. The sosies of 14 calibrating galaxies(primary calibrators and galaxies in the nearest groups) are defined asthose having the same parameters, either (1) morphological type T, axisratio R, and maximum rotation velocity VM or (2) T, R, andluminosity index lambdac. Distance moduli directly derivedfrom apparent magnitudes and/or diameters are provided on the distancescale whose zero point is defined by the adopted distance moduli of thecalibrators. The external mean error (0.4 mag) is competitive with thebest currently available. Morphology of spiral galaxies. I - General propertiesRed Palomar Sky Survey plates are scanned to characterize a completesample of 605 spiral galaxies north of declination -33 deg havinginclination angle less than 56 deg and blue diameter 2-15 arcmin. Theselection of the data and the reduction and parameter-extractionprocedures are explained, and the data and the results of statisticalanalysis are presented in tables and graphs. Findings reported include alow frequency of occurrence for small inclination angles (suggestingdistortion of outer structures), similar distributions of central diskbrightness for types Sa-Sc but not for types Sd-Sm (where mean valuesare smaller), fewer late-type galaxies with large exponential-disk scalelengths, no galaxies with both high central brightness and large scalelength (indicating a limit on angular momentum in galaxy formation), anda correlation between mean surface brightness and absolute magnitude forlater-type galaxies but not for types Sa-Scd. H I line studies of galaxies. III - Distance moduli of 822 disk galaxiesThe distance scale established on the basis of a distance moduli catalog(for 822 galaxies) that was derived from 21-cm line widths via theB-band Tully-Fisher relation is compared with several independent scaleshaving a common zero point, that are based on the indicators forluminosity index, redshift, ring diameters, brightest superassociations,and effective diameters. These are in excellent systematic agreement,and confirm the linearity of the H I scale in the 24-35 modulusinterval, but indicate a small systematic zero point difference of about0.2 mag, which must be added to the H I moduli to place them on the same'short' distance scale defined by the others. A catalog of infrared magnitudes and H I velocity widths for nearby galaxiesIntegrated infrared (1.6 micron) magnitudes and 21 cm velocity widthsare presented for 308 nearby spiral galaxies. Positions, types,inclinations, diameters, H I velocities and flux density integrals, anddistances are also listed. These data form the basis for a recentanalysis of the velocity field in the Local supercluster.
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